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IiParameters zeMveliso

Uphawu:

I-1) Yenziwe ngeglasi yonke ye-optical, inamandla kakhulu, kwaye ifakwe ifilimu eluhlaza ye-HD ye-FMC ye-broadband eluhlaza.Umbala ugqamile kwaye uyabonakala, kwaye i-edge band yokucima ipateni uyilo inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukudinwa kwamehlo.
I-2) Yonke i-lens yeglasi ye-optical yamkelwe, i-eyepiece ifakwe ifilimu eninzi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inombolo yokudlulisa, akukho mmahluko wombala, ukwenza umfanekiso ukhanye, ucace kwaye ubukhali.
3)Yamkela uyilo lweconcave convex anti-skid, ekungekho lula ukutyibilika.Ngokujikeleza ivili lesandla, linokulungelelaniswa ngokucacileyo ukuqonda ukugxila, kwaye ukusebenza kulula kakhulu.
I-4) 10-30x25mm ibhekisela ekwandisweni kwamaxesha angama-10-30, i-lens yenjongo ethe ngqo yi-25mm, i-3.5 ° kwi-10x ibhekisela kwintsimi yembono ye-3.5 ° kwi-10x karhulumente, kunye ne-2.0 ° kwi-30 ibhekisela kwintsimi yembono ye 2.0 ° kwi 30x karhulumente
5)Iteleskopu ixhotyiswe ngentambo yesandla.Xa isetyenziswa, intambo ejingayo ixhonywa esandleni, nto leyo enokunciphisa inkxamleko yokujinga izandla ixesha elide kwaye ithintele umonakalo weteleskopu obangelwa kukuphoswa ngempazamo.
6)Ukusuka kwi-0.5m ukuya kude, kufuneka ubone apho ukhoyo, uqikelele umgama, kwaye ujikelezise iringi yokugxila kwesi sikali ukuze ulungelelanise kakuhle.
7) I-telescope inokolulwa ngokukhululekileyo, eyonwabisayo kwaye kulula ukuyiphatha

Yintoni iteleskopu?

I-Telescope sisixhobo sokubona esisebenzisa i-lens okanye isipili kunye nezinye izixhobo zokujonga izinto ezikude.Isebenzisa ukukhanya okuhlanjululweyo nge-lens okanye ibonakaliswe sisipili esikhombe ukuze ingene kumngxunya omncinci kwaye iguqulelwe kumfanekiso, kwaye emva koko ibonwe ngeso lokukhulisa, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "telescope".

Umsebenzi wokuqala weteleskopu kukwandisa i-engile yento ekude ukuze iliso lomntu libone iinkcukacha ngomgama omncinci we-angular.Umsebenzi wesibini weteleskopu kukuthumela umqadi wokukhanya oqokelelwe yi-lens yenjongo, etyebe kakhulu kunobubanzi bomfundi (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8 mm), kwiliso lomntu, ukuze umboniseli abone izinto ezimnyama nezibuthathaka. andiboni.Ngowe-1608, uHans liebersch, ugqirha wamehlo ongumDatshi, ngempazamo wafumanisa ukuba wayeyibona le ndawo ikude ngeelensi ezimbini.Ephefumlelwe koku, wakha iteleskopu yokuqala kwimbali yoluntu.Ngo-1609, uGalileo Galilee waseFlorence, e-Italiya wenza iteleskopu eyi-40x double mirror, eyiteleskopu yokuqala esebenzayo efakwe kwisayensi.

Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-400 yophuhliso, umsebenzi weteleskopu uya usiba namandla ngakumbi, kwaye umgama wokuphonononga uya ukhula ngakumbi.

Imbali yophuhliso:

Ngowe-1608, uHans Lippershey, ugqirha wamehlo eMiddleburg, eNetherlands, wenza iteleskopu yokuqala ehlabathini.Ngesinye isihlandlo, abantwana ababini babedlala ngeelensi ezininzi phambi kwevenkile kaLipper.Bajonga iqhude lemozulu ecaweni kumgama kwiilensi zangaphambili nezingasemva.Bavuya gqitha.ULiborsay wathatha iilensi ezimbini kwaye wabona ukuba umoya ovuthuzayo kumgama wawukhulisa kakhulu.ULipper wabaleka wabuyela evenkileni wabeka iilensi ezimbini emgqomeni.Emva kovavanyo oluninzi, uHans Lipper wasungula iteleskopu.Ngo-1608, wafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi weteleskopu yakhe waza wathobela iimfuneko zabasemagunyeni ukuze akhe iteleskopu yebinocular.Kuthiwa intaphane yoogqirha beteleskopu kule dolophu bathi bayila iteleskopu.

Kwangaxeshanye, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseJamani uKepler naye waqalisa ukufunda ngeeteleskopu.Wacebisa olunye uhlobo lweteleskopu kwi-refraction.Olu hlobo lweteleskopu yenziwe ngeelensi ezimbini zeconvex.Ngokungafaniyo neteleskopu kaGalileo, inommandla obanzi wokubona kunetelescope kaGalileo.Kodwa uKepler akazange ayenze iteleskopu awayizisayo.UShayna waqala ukwenza olu hlobo lweteleskopu ukususela ngo-1613 ukuya ku-1617. Kwakhona wenza iteleskopu ene-convex lens yesithathu ngokwecebiso likaKepler, waza watshintsha umfanekiso ojijekileyo weteleskopu eyenziwe ngeelensi ezimbini zeconvex zibe ngumfanekiso olungileyo.UShaina wenza iiteleskopu ezisibhozo zokubona ilanga nganye nganye.Nokuba yeyiphi na enokubona amabala elanga amile ngendlela efanayo.Ngoko ke, wayiphelisa ingcamango yabantu abaninzi yokuba amabala elanga asenokubangelwa luthuli olukwilensi, waza wangqina ukuba ngokwenene kukho amabala elanga njengoko kubonwa.Xa wayejonge ilanga, uShaina wayexhotyiswe ngeglasi ekhethekileyo yomthunzi, ngoxa uGalileo wayengasifaki esi sixhobo sokuzikhusela.Ngenxa yoko, waba buhlungu amehlo waphantse wangaboni.Ukuze uphonononge umsesane kaSaturn, uHuis wenza enye iteleskopu enobude obuphantse bube ziimitha ezingama-65 eNetherlands ukunciphisa umahluko we-refraction malunga neemitha ezili-16.

Ngo-1793, uWilliam Herschel waseNgilani wenza iteleskopu ekhanyayo.Ububanzi besibuko bu-130 cm.Yenziwe ngentsimbi yobhedu kwaye inobunzima betoni enye.

Iteleskopu ebonisa ukukhanya eyenziwe nguWilliam Parsons waseNgilani ngowe-1845 inobubanzi obuziimitha eziyi-1.82.

Ngowe-1917, iteleskopu yehuka yakhiwa kwiMount Wilson Observatory eCalifornia.Isibuko sayo sokuqala sinobubanzi obuyi-intshi ezili-100.Kungale teleskopu awathi uEdwin Hubble wafumanisa isibakala esimangalisayo sokuba indalo iphela yayisanda.

Ngomnyaka we-1930, uBernhard Schmidt waseJamani wadibanisa iingenelo zeteleskopu ephinda-phindwayo kunye neteleskopu ebonakalisa imbonakalo (iteleskopu yokuphinda-phindwa inokuphazamiseka okuncinci kodwa ine-chromatic aberration, kwaye ubukhulu buba bukhulu, kokukhona kubiza kakhulu iteleskopu yokubonisa, iteleskopu ebonakalisa imbonakalo ayinakujika kwekhromatic, Ixabiso liphantsi, kwaye isibuko sinokwenziwa sikhulu kakhulu, kodwa kukho ukuphambuka) ukwenza iteleskopu yokuqala yokuphinda-phindwa.

Emva kwemfazwe, iteleskopu ekhanyayo yakhula ngokukhawuleza ekubonweni kweenkwenkwezi.Ngo-1950, iteleskopu ebonakalisa ihale enobubanzi obuziimitha ezi-5.08 yafakwa kwintaba yasePaloma.

Ngomnyaka we-1969, isibuko esinobubanzi beemitha ezi-6 safakwa kwintaba ye-pastuhov kwi-Northern Caucasus ye-Soviet Union yangaphambili.

Ngo-1990, iNASA yabeka iHubble Space Telescope kwi-orbit.Noko ke, ngenxa yokusilela kwesipili, iHubble Space Telescope ayizange idlale ngokupheleleyo de oosomajukujuku bagqiba ukulungisa isithuba baza bafaka ilens endaweni yayo ngowe-1993. amaxesha eeteleskopu ezifanayo emhlabeni.

Ngowe-1993, iUnited States yakha iteleskopu yeemitha ezili-10 kwiMount monakea, eHawaii.Isibuko sayo senziwe ngezipili ze-36 1.8-metres.

Ngo-2001, i-European Southern Observatory yaseChile yaphuhlisa yaza yagqiba “iteleskopu enkulu kakhulu” (VLT), equlunqwe ngeeteleskopu ezine ezinomngxuma oziimitha ezisi-8, nomthamo wayo wokujiya ulingana nowomitha we-16 obonisa iteleskopu.

Ngomhla we-18 kuJuni, ngo-2014, iChile iya kucaba incopho yeCerro Amazon ukuze igcine eyona telescope inamandla ehlabathini, iteleskopu yaseYurophu eyongezelelweyo enkulu yeenkwenkwezi (E-ELT).I-Cerro Amazon ifumaneka kwiNtlango yase-Atacama, enobude obuziimitha ezingama-3000.

I-E-ELT, ekwabizwa ngokuba “lelona liso likhulu lesibhakabhaka emhlabeni”, iphantse ibe ziimitha ezingama-40 ububanzi kwaye inobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-2500.Ukukhanya kwayo kuphindwe ka-15 kunoko kweteleskopu ekhoyo kwaye ingcaciso yayo ili-16 ngokuphindwe ka-16 kweteleskopu yeHubble.Iteleskopu ixabisa i-879 yezigidi zeeponti (malunga ne-9.3 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan) kwaye kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni ngo-2022.

Iqela leteleskopu elalisakhiwa laqalisa ukuhlasela abazalwana abaziingxilimbela ezimhlophe kwiNtaba yemonakea kwakhona.Ezi nkampani zintsha zikhuphisana nazo ziquka iTelesikophu yeemitha ezingama-30 ubukhulu (i-TMT), iTelesikophu enkulu yeemitha ezingama-20 iMagellan (GMT) kunye neteleskopu enkulu eyongameleyo yeemitha ezili-100 (OWL).Abameli babo babonisa ukuba ezi teleskopu zintsha azinako nje ukubonelela ngemifanekiso yendawo enomgangatho ongcono kakhulu womfanekiso kuneefoto zikaHubble, kodwa zikwaqokelele ukukhanya okungaphezulu, zibe nokuqonda ngcono iinkwenkwezi zokuqala kunye negesi yecosmic xa iminyele yayibunjwa kwiminyaka eyi-10 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo, kwaye ubone. iiplanethi ezijikeleze iinkwenkwezi ezikude.

Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba ka-2021, iTelescope ye-James Webb Space yafika kwindawo yokuphehlelelwa eFrench Guiana kwaye iya kusungulwa ngoDisemba.